Comparing the Republic to the Modern Society Essay

The relevance of The Republic to our modern society In Plato’s The Republic, Plato illustrates what his ideal city would look like. He describes the educational systems, ideal legislators and the purposes of democracy. The republic influenced many people to understand the purpose for democracy, and it led to new philosophical schools of thought. Although this work was written hundreds of years ago, it still affects our modern world today. One of the most important things that Plato stresses is the importance of education. Without education of the masses, democracy would cease to exist. When Plato was forming his ideal society, he stressed the importance of education for several reasons. Most importantly, educating citizens led to a peaceful, well-run republic. For Plato, education was not about information intake and data storage. Rather, education was drawing out the knowledge that was already in the student. He said that â€Å"the power and capacity of learning exists in the soul already† He gives an allegory of prisoners in a cave, who have never seen light before. They become free, come out of the cave and see the light. They understand that the shadows are just reflections of real things; they are not the real things themselves. They ascend up to a mountain and see the world for what it really is. Plato uses this story to illustrate what education does for the human soul. We are all born in a dark cave, chained to a wall and cannot see the light. We still around all day looking at shadows, which appear to be so real to us. Education breaks the chains of ignorance. We can ascend to the top of the mountain and look out onto the beautiful world. According to Plato, after the prisoners’ ascend all the way to the top of the mountain, â€Å"they must be made to descend again among the prisoners’ in the den and partake in labors and honors, whether worth having or not. † Plato notes that once a person is educated and has received knowledge and truth, they should go back and teach those who do not know. This still relevant today because we need to not be so focused on how high we climb up the ladder, but we need to be concerned with how we help others achieve their goals. This allegory is also used to describe justice. The prisoners’ in the cave do not know what real justice looks like. The people on the mountain tops must come down and give understanding to those who are lacking it. Plato goes on to describe the type of leader that would be perfect to run the ideal city. The type of leader that Plato describes is someone who is â€Å"wisest about the affairs of the state, and by whom the state is best administered and who at the same time have other honors and a better life then that of politics. â€Å" The ideal leader in Plato’s time is not much different from the ideal leader in our time period. We still want someone who knows and understands the problems of the state or country, who will be a good leader, and will be able to put the welfare of his people before his own. These characteristics are still what many people look for in a dependable leader. Plato describes that a good leader should not be caught up in their own wealth, they should care about their people. This is a very foundational idea that is still important in America today. We desire to have a leader who will be humble and care for us, instead of one that has a hidden agenda. According to Plato, economic self-interest and political power must be kept separate and not be allowed to work in combination to the disadvantage of the state. In mapping out his utopian society, Plato stresses the importance of democracy. In a short piece called democracy considered, Plato talks about how oligarchies decay into democracies and democracies decay into tyranny. Tyranny is formed from pursing one’s pleasures and appetites. Plato claims that â€Å"a man who is deranged and not right in his mind will fancy that he is able to rule, not only over men, but also over gods â€Å"He describes here that a man can not be a leader if he is deranged and thinks that he is the center of the universe. Plato then shows how democracy and tyranny differ. In describing the differences, Glacon says â€Å"They are the opposite extremes for one is the very best and the other is the very worst. † The republic shows many similarities to today’s society. We still have many of the same ideals in education and in government. This piece of work was criticized at the time it was written by is now honored and very influential. It was one of the first writings that began western thinking and formed many new beliefs that influenced the renaissance.

Compare the use of motivation theories at Center Parcs Essay

I will be researching different job types in Center Parks so I can see the different management styles of each sector and I shall be looking at the motivational factors within the organisation. Three different job roles at Center Parcs and what theorist is involved. The first job I will be looking at is a Water sports Instructor, they’re looking for somebody who can windsurf, use a dinghy, a powerboat, a kayak and is confident in abseiling, rock climbing and playing football. You will be asked to instruct people in all of the above, first-aid is a must as you will be working with activities which could all pose a significant risk to health including activities including deep, cold water. They also expect that you maintain a professional attitude at all times, despite the customers getting on your nerves. Staff will be given free day passes to the park, I think this is typical of Mayo as people like to feel like the part of the team, this also meets their social needs at work. If they’re working in a team then you have a good chance to get your ideas across to other team members for them to take action on your ideas, suggestions and opinions. The second job I will be looking at is a food and beverage assistant, they require that you maintain a professional attitude at all times, they state that your duties are table services, preparing the restaurant to a set standard, taking orders, bar duties and you must serve drinks from the bar, serving meals, cleaning and tidying up at the end of your shift. You will be handling a lot of cash through your shifts, they expect you to be honest about it and full training will be given to work with cash in hand. You must ensure that all the guests are happy with their stay and their meals. The theorist behind this would in fact be Taylor, this is driven by money as you’re handling quite a lot of money. As with this you’re typically paid by every table you clean, take orders from and hours behind the bar (as one of my friends mention, she got paid by every table she cleaned and took orders from). Taylor also comes into play as you get a bonus at the end of the month and a t ypical bonus at the end of the year (around Christmas time) and  this makes employees strive to do as much as they can as it is a performance related bonus. The last job I will be looking at is a Lifeguard, they’re looking for somebody to assist in the â€Å"smooth running of the subtropical swimming paradise† by guarding the inside and outside of the pool areas, the lifeguard must maintain a high standard of hygiene in order to offer the best services to holiday guests. They also request that you maintain a professional and a reliable attitude at all times and to put the safety of their swimmers first. The motivational theory behind this job would be Herzberg as being a lifeguard can bring some sense of achievement, this proves that you are qualified to take care of people, watch them and possibly save their lives when the time comes. A high hygiene standard is required for this and this can be an achievement in itself as if you get through this shows you have nearly impeccable hygiene. Conclusion I think Center Parcs has chosen different rewards, for example different bonuses and different objectives to obtain these bonuses and different material bonuses such as free day passes and unlimited use of services and stations around the park, because it scales with the difficulty of the job. For example, anybody can be a beverage assistant but it takes a lot of qualifications and knowhow to become a life guard and since lifeguards are scarce and they’re offering really competitive pay and bonuses to compete with other companies that want life guards. It’s the same with Water sports instructors as they have to be highly skilled in all forms of water sports, it takes a lot of time to get that much knowledge of water sports so it’s a difficult job to do as you need to remember everything. I agree that this is one of the best policies to have as the bonuses and rewards scale with the harder jobs. The harder the job, the better the rewards.

Marilyn Manson and His Impact on Sub-culture Essay

Marilyn Manson has been pushing the envelope of the right to freedom of expression since his controversial â€Å"shock rock† antics began in the early 1990’s. His methods are strange and rejected by most of society, as it cannot understand what he is trying to achieve. Many people believe that Marilyn Manson is bizarre, seeing him wearing women’s clothing, applying heavy facial makeup, and covering himself with jewelry. His success can be attributed not only to his entertainment abilities, but even more so to the incredible marketing campaign organized to promote himself and his crazy actions. His actions give the media a scapegoat to fall back on and a figure which they can blame all of society’s problems. He has amassed a large following throughout the 1990’s and even today as the self-proclaimed Anti-Christ Marilyn Manson. His fans understand where he has come from, what he has been through and are familiar with rejection from society. The Marilyn Manson’s following is normally associated with the Gothic or â€Å"Goth† subculture. At first examination, this seems to be the case as Manson followers and those of the Goth community share remarkable similarities; although true Goths label Manson follows as merely â€Å"Spooks† or â€Å"Mall Goths†, and not real members of the Gothic following. The similarities have been exploited by the media and have linked his music to violent acts against society. â€Å"It was following the Columbine incident that the media began routinely tagging Marilyn Manson as ‘goth rock’ despite the fact that Manson’s music had little relation to gothic music or sub-culture.† (Marilyn, Wikipedia) This essay will explore the reasons why Marilyn Manson is who he is today, why he has such an influence over a particular subculture, and if these followers are actually part of the Gothic community. Who Is Marilyn Manson? Marilyn Manson, the alias and alter-ego of Brian Warner, was created using Marilyn Monroe and serial killer Charles Manson – two opposites in society. (Marilyn, MTVe.com) â€Å"Brian Warner, who formed the band in 1989 and whose apparent business savvy and flair for controversy turned them into a success. Using androgyny, satanic images and themes of rebellion and death, Manson irked bystanders and proved that outrageous rock was still a viable form of entertainment.† (Marilyn, Answers.com) The band originally started in South Florida as a small industrial Goth band, and by 1990, Marilyn Manson, along with four other musicians became Marilyn Manson and the Spooky Kids. They opened for Nine Inch Nails (NIN), and Trent Reznor was very impressed with them and would help them in the future in many different ways. They got a contract from Trent Reznor’s new label â€Å"Nothing† and got a spot on Nine Inch Nails’ 94 tours. Manson got to meet Dr. Anton Szandor LaVey. He is the founder of the Church of Satan. Dr. LaVey named Manson as a priest of the Church of Satan. Hence, the title Reverend was given to Manson. (Stanton, Bizarre) Manson’s interest in Satanism began when he as a young boy. He spent most of his childhood at his grandparent’s home. Manson and his friend didn’t have anything to do except explore his grandfather’s (Jack Warner) basement. They find out that his grandfather is a cross-dresser and a user of explicit pornographic material such as bestiality. This is where Manson was first introduced to perversity. He attended a Christian school and had Christian beliefs forced upon him even though he was Episcopalian. He was teased and ridiculed because of this. This aside, he always knew that their was something different about him. After being detested by his peers, he gradually began to hate his school and take exception to everything that he was told. He turned to music to free him of the troubles that exist in his life, and instead finds out who he really is. He becomes the exact kind of person that he was once scared of as a youth. (Long, Manson and Strauss) Manson began his teenage years in public school where sex, drugs, rock, and the occult were laid in front of him and he began embrace them. Here he meets many people with the same interests as he has. Manson also begins to experience his sexuality with women. From his school experiences to his  involvement with sexuality, Manson begins terrorizing the people who have mistreated him. He started to experiment with black magic, began an enduring drug habit, and displayed his disgust for mainstream citizens by stealing from stores. All of this is what Brian Warner was, and who Marilyn Manson was to become. (Long, Manson and Strauss) As Manson’s reputation developed, so did the disturbance surrounding him and his actions. His concerts were regularly protested by civil rights groups, and his music was the target attacks from religious and more specifically, Christian groups. This image was created using Manson’s genius for marketing. At the peak of this controversy, Manson had a cover story in Rolling Stone Magazine as well as a best selling autobiography: The Long Hard Road Out of Hell. Why Does He Have Such A Following? â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.† (Bill of Rights) Manson, along with many other artists, fully embraces their first amendment right to free speech to get their message across. This message mainly appeals to younger generations who can relate to Manson’s songs. Younger audiences are more accepting of his attitude and beliefs, partly due to the fact that teens are more susceptible to mass influence and are easily confused. His communication and identification through music allowed him to amass a loyal following of discontented teens, also know as â€Å"Mansonites.† â€Å"Mansonite can also be used to refer to anyone who has chosen to identify with the Goth subculture without having any idea of its actual nature or composition. Generally, an overnight Goth, or Spooky Kid, will adopt certain aspects of the Goth aesthetic (predominantly black clothing, copious amounts of eyeliner) and loudly proclaim themselves Goth.† (Mansonite, Wikipedia.com) Older generations are quick to assume that it is Manson’s antics which appeals to his followers. But, if no attention was paid to Manson, and his songs and actions didn’t receive the attention that they do, there wouldn’t be such controversy over his religious beliefs or whether he is actually influencing delinquent teens. Teens that are labeled as outcasts can identify with Manson because the media portrays him as an outcast. He dresses differently, often in women’s clothing and he pretends to be a homosexual – something which is a hot topic of acceptance in today’s society. Teenagers these days have very short attention spans and turn to someone like Manson to entertain them by doing extreme things. The Emergence of â€Å"Spooky Kids† goth (g th) n. A style of rock music that often evokes bleak, lugubrious imagery. A performer or follower of this style of music – Courtesy of Dictionary.com â€Å"Mall Goth or Spooky Kid is a disparaging term for someone not supposed to be a real Goth, whose commitment to the Gothic is seen as shallow, pretentious, or dependent on shopping mall-purchased Goth clothes. Their taste is narrowly subjective to mallcore/nu-metal. There have been accusations that (some of, at least) those who listen to the music of Marilyn Manson, Korn, and Slipknot are mall goths. Many mall goths shop at the popular clothing store Hot Topic.† (Mall Goths, Wikipedia.com) Real Gothists would refer to Mansonites as â€Å"posers†, who pretend to know about a particular subculture, but in reality only know a few choice buzz-words and what style of clothes to wear. The Real Goth Subculture How do you define Goth? Goth is short for Gothic, and we typically associate Goth with people that wear black or blood-red coloured clothing . These clothes are often made of leather, lace, and fishnet, and are adorned with spikes, studs, or other shiny metal objects. Sometimes metallic, black, or dark makeup is worn by both the male and females. Some go so far as  permanent body modifications such as full body tattoos, tongue splitting, or vampire teeth implants. â€Å"Those in the Goth scene tend to view the Goth concept rather as an expression of individuality, something they take part in because it seems comfortable and natural for them to do so, rather than because it’s something they want to be. And as such, Goth is a state of mind. Goth is not about being cool-hip, up-to-date. Goth is more about being cool-chilly as in unemotional, detached, unmoved†¦ at least on the surface. There’s an inner calmness, tranquility to it. A need for being given and giving the others space to be at one with themselves. Respect towards the individual – at least as long as it is a fellow Goth.† (Goth, BBC) After conducting a thorough research of the particular subculture, it really is difficult to define Goth. It is ambiguous and open for interpretation. If Marilyn Manson followers acts or dresses a certain way because of their expression for individuality, then they could be considered Goth. If a Marilyn Manson follower acts or dresses a certain way just to follow the crowd or fit in with this subculture, then, based on the quote above, they would not be considered Goth. Works Cited: The Long Hard Road Out of Hell: Marilyn Manson & Neil Strauss Regan Books (April 1, 1999) Goth – A Lifestyle, BBC Available via HTTP: http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A473924 Marilyn Manson, Wikipedia.com, the free encyclopedia. Available via HTTP: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Manson Mall Goth Wikipedia.com, the free encyclopedia. Available via HTTP: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mall_Goth Mansonite, Wikipedia.com, the free encyclopedia. Available via HTTP: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansonite Marilyn Manson, MTVe.com Available via HTTP: http://www.mtve.com/artist.php?ArtistId=276 Marilyn Manson, Answers.com Available via HTTP: http://www.answers.com/topic/marilyn-manson Stanton Lavey, Bizarre Magazine Available via HTTP: http://www.bizarremag.com/bizarre_lives.php?id=1809 The Bill of Rights, US Department of State Available via HTTP: http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/funddocs/billeng.htm

Klebsiella pneumoniae(Microbiology) Research Paper

Klebsiella pneumoniae(Microbiology) - Research Paper Example It is also present in soil and around 30% of the species fix nitrogen under anaerobic conditions (Postgate, 1998). Research Background Klebsiella is becoming the topic of research as it is emerging as an impetrative pathogen in nosocomial infections. Klebsiella possess two different kinds of antigens one on its cell wall and other on its capsule. The O antigen is present as a cell wall component on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and possess 9 different kinds. The capsular antigen is known as K antigen and possess as many as 80 different kinds. These antigens are responsible for the virulence of the organism (Podschun, 1998). Clinical implications These virulence factors are responsible for disease called pneumonia. Pneumonia is the disease of lungs and results in inflammation of lungs. This results in necrosis of cells. It then produces thick, blood filled mucous or sputum. The causal organism is Klebsiella pneumoniae. The organism gains access into the lower part of respiratory tract and inhabit there as an oropharyngeal microbial population (Todar). If the immune system of the individual is compromised either due to poor nutrition or some condition of illness then the individual is likely to suffer with pneumonia. It is observed that Klebsiella pneumoniae affects individuals suffering from either diabetes, or display any kind of malignancy or witness liver disease or malfunction or if the individual is alcoholic. It is also reported that individuals with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD) or suffer from renal failure, they also become victim of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Professional hazard in case of paper mill workers is also observed where personnel are likely to become soft targets for Klebsiella pneumoniae (Todar). Hospitalizations could also result in Klebsiella pneumoniae infestation and therefore the organism is becoming a source of nosocomial infections. Under these conditions, Klebsiella pneumoniae causes bronchopneumonia and also bronchitis. T he patient may witness abscess of lungs, or cavitations in lungs, pus may get collected in the lung cavities resulting in empyema or pleural empyema, as a result of pneumonia, this are linked with parapneumonic effusions. This is a three phase ailment encompassing (Pothula, 1994). a. exudative phase where accumulation of pus takes place. b. fibrinopurulent stage where lot of pus pockets are being generated. c. the organizing stage which causes entrapment of lung(s) (Pothula, 1994). Pleural adhesion may be generated as a result of all the implications causing elevation in death rate. Klebsiella also affects the urinary tract, causing UTI. It also disrupts the intestinal lining and hence causes diarrhea. It is capable of colonizing in the upper respiratory tract and causes upper respiratory tract infection. It also causes infection of wounds, inflammation of gall bladder causing cholecystitis, as well as infection of bone and bone marrow leading to osteomyelitis. The most dreaded infe ction caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae is the inflammation of meninges leading to meningitis, it travels the blood stream leading to septicemia (Todar). The prevalence of Klebsiella pneumoniae in the invasive device or support equipments or catheters, not only contaminates the device but also position patients at an enhanced risk for Klebsiella infection. Thus sepsis as well as septic shock enables the bacteria to gain entry into the blood (Todar). Research The implications of Klebsiella are so

Hebrew Bible and Bhagavad-Gita Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hebrew Bible and Bhagavad-Gita - Essay Example On the other hand, there are few faiths that are called earthly religions, which are pluralist faiths, and seek inspiration from multiple gods and goddesses; Jainism, Buddhism, Hinduism and Sikhism etc come under the definition of this category (Beckerlegge, 2000). Although the teachings and belief system of Abrahamic monotheist faiths and pluralist faiths like Hinduism and others appear to be pole-apart from one another in all respects, yet the researchers observe few commonalities between their scriptures and declare them the source of the same sacred light enkindling the world with the concept of the Lord. The Old Testament or Hebrew Bible serves as the Holy Scripture for the Jewish and Christian communities, as they claim that it contains the word of God in the form of covenant between the Lord and His favorite nation House of Jacob as well as the commands and decrees God issued in the form of Ten Commandments to Moses determining the code of life to be observed in order to win t he Will of God in this life and hereinafter according to the Jewish and Christian faiths and traditions (Dimont, 2003). ... Jesus Christ is the central figure in according to the Christian faith, which arrived in the world through a unique virgin birth as the Savior of the humanity or Messiah, in order to preach the humanity going astray from the right path of glory and submission to the commandments of the Lord. And in case of non-compliance with his commands by the rebels and non-believers, he would sacrifice his life in order to protect the entire humanity from the wrath of God because of their sins and deviancies they committed in their life on the earth (Damascene, 2009). It is, therefore, the Christians regard Jesus as the son of God in human form. The same is the feelings of reverence and regard for Krishna in Hindu mythology and their holy book Gita, which declares him as God incarnated for the welfare of humanity, as Krishna is attributed to stating that: â€Å"I am birth-less and changeless. I am the lord (Gita, IV: 6); almost the same statement is associated with Jesus Christ, where he views h imself as the Lord, which does not experience any change in his person altogether (Malachi 3:6). Thus, both the holy books i.e. Bible and Gita regard Christ and Krishna as gods. It has aptly been observed that the Old and New Testaments discuss the belief system and commandments of the Lord, and warn the deviants by narrating the fate of their forerunner nations in past, these Scriptures do not provide any detailed account of Christ’s life; as a result, it is actually Gospel that particularly defines him as deity (Revelation, 22:13), the name and account of which resembles with the Hindu scripture, Gita.  

Epidemiology Project Interview Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Epidemiology Project Interview - Assignment Example So, my training in pharmacy and public health have prepared me to perform my job successfully. Oenga’s response: my interest in epidemiology was sparked by one of my uncles who was an epidemiologist. As an epidemiologist, my uncle Mr. Patrick Ongeri was very dedicated to his work and he really loved his work; my uncle inspired me when I was young and I resolved that I would be an epidemiologist when I grow up. Oenga’s response: for me, the main positive aspect of being an epidemiologist is that I find a lot of fulfillment it; I really love this job and I find it so fulfilling in life. On the negatives, I would say that this job is quite risky because one can easily end up getting an infectious and incurable disease like Ebola. Oenga’s response: yes I do a piece of advice to them. My advice to them is that if they want to be really happy in this carrier, they have to do it not for the love of money, but for the love of people whom they will be serving through this carrier; if they do it for the love of money, they may end up being frustrated because they will never get enough of it. Appreciation: As we conclude, I would like to sincerely thank you for giving me your time for this interview; thank you also for being so cooperative and for answering all my questions clearly and enthusiastically, thank you very  much.

How Does Interface Design on social networking website Impact on Dissertation

How Does Interface Design on social networking website Impact on today's Youth - Dissertation Example edly taken over by the Digital Revolution. The Internet has changed the face of our world. Web based and Social Networking Websites and Soft wares have broadened our horizons and now we have plenty of new opportunities to choose from. First of all, online learning and Web based teaching have become synonymous with Face-to-Face learning. Secondly, each day new aspects of web based solutions are made available for the ease of online students. The only issue that must not be neglected is the protection of one’s privacy and safety. The young users are vulnerable and prone to many a web based menaces and exposed to a whole new world of Internet crimes. Proper coaching and counseling are required on part of the parents and teachers both, to make them beware of the criminal activities and privacy invasions taking place by mere use of the online social networking applications. 48 3.1 Objectives: 49 3.2 Data Analysis and Methods of Data Collection: 50 Limitations & Ethics Issue: 52 53 3.3Research Methodology – Case studies 54 a)Case Study 1: PINTEREST: A security Issue: 54 b)Case Study 2: Face book the case of Privacy: 55 3.4 Research Methodology: Conclusion of Online Surveys: 56 QUESTIONNAIRE 56 BIBLIOGRAPHY 68 TABLE OF FIGURES 73 CHAPTER 4 74 INTRODUCTION 74 4.1 FINDINGS AND NEW APPROACH: 75 4.2) FINDINGS: 76 5) Uploading music, movies, widgets and related information. 77 6) Downloading games and applications. 77 7) Authoring and showing creativity by uploading your own content such as: Personal blogs videos, music, poetry etc. 77 8) Sharing third party content e.g. liking someone else’s preference or work as hosting a YouTube video or a blog page. 77 9) Posting Public and Private Messages such as: Through Face book and MySpace. 77 10) Collaborating and interacting with other people, as it is the best way for people who are not very social and are introvert and shy. 78 WEBSITES DESIGNED SPECIALLY FOR YOUNGSTERS: 78 Many conventional social network ing services are intended and designed for teens and young people according to their interests and preferences such as: 78 1)Teen Second Life. 78 2) Habbo Hotel. 78 3) Imbee. Com. 78 4) Disney. 78 5)Nick.com 78 6) ClubPenguin. Etc 78 These websites are specifically designed for TEENS AND YOUNG ADULTS, according to their age, maturity levels and basic security requirements as well as profile modifications and identity security as they have a required age limit for signup (National School Boards Association, 200

Business-to-Business (B2B) and Business-to-consumer (B2C) Essay

Business-to-Business (B2B) and Business-to-consumer (B2C) - Essay Example Business-to-Business (B2B) and Business-to-consumer (B2C) are two types of e-businesses found on the Internet. E-commerce is an umbrella term used for all business done online but when close studied there are some technical differences which set of type of business apart from another. B2B is the business where both parties are organizations or companies working with each other for some kind of mutual benefit such as Skillbay.com. An example of this would be industrial suppliers or manufacturers who sell to a business that eventually takes final goods to the customers. Whereas most other sites would fall in the category of B2C since organizations are selling their services or products to consumers. Examples include Amazon.com and Walmart.com.The main difference between a B2B and a B2C is that of who purchases at the other end, whether it's the consumer or a business buyer as defined earlier. The other difference is the complexity of the business-to-business setup as compared to a busi ness to consumer setup. Supply chain management gets involved with in a business-to-business setup making the online process all the more complicated. And then there is also an issue of security that needs special consideration in business to business as compared to the business to consumer e-commerce. The other differences could be the negotiation and integration. Negotiation means bargaining prices and in case of business-to-business selling the most important thing is a negotiation.... While the business to consumer seems very easy as the any online retail store would just has to upload a catalog with prices and specification, the negotiation part involves another complexity within the business to business setup and that is of integration. There needs to be integration between the seller and the buyer system for effective business-to-business e-commerce to take place. At times, the buying company could not integrate with the selling company and vice versa which makes the transaction difficult to handle. Channel integration was also a problem for the business to consumer e-commerce in the earlier phase of e-commerce development as a lot of stores declined to connect their Web companies through the internal back office systems. Many companies rejected in an effort to build up a distinct Web unit and articulated much about the efforts of those who approached them as cannibalization of present sites. However, as it proved it was much of a fear than the actual eating up and companies like the Gap without delay adjusted to the new system in order to let customers do online transactions and in case of any default return the products back to the physical retailer. This opportunity and ease pulled out many fears of the customers of an online shopping system and in turn increased online sales as there could be more effective follow-up system online and the order management would be handled more effectively. This not only gave confidence to the online shopper but also increased the value of th e products and services they purchased. There are various ethical and legal regulations to follow when these businesses are started. Like any other business, online organizations have a responsibility towards their clients and this includes

The use of ICT across the curriculum and evaluate the benefits and Essay

The use of ICT across the curriculum and evaluate the benefits and disadvantages of its use - Essay Example There are general goals defined in the National Curriculum, such as â€Å"ICT promotion in favor of students’ opportunities to apply and develop ICT capabilities and apply these capabilities to all subjects learning† (ICT  - The  National Curriculum). The main goal of the National Curriculum is to enable students to increase the efficiency of their learning process. ICT intends to widen the horizon of a learning discipline. ICT is effectively used in the lessons oh history or language learning. Audio records, video films and picturesque Power Point presentations enable students to enrich their knowledge in an effective and interesting way. During lessons teachers have to propagate the usage of ICT and students would in such a way facilitate the learning process. For this purpose educational institutions would have to effectively train their teaching stuff. School leadership ensures effective spread of ICT in the curriculum as well. â€Å"Strategic management and wh ole-school plan† together with essential investments into ICT in curriculum would make this resource an effective one (Titus and Potter, 2005). For example, it would be more interesting for students to learn new information not written on a whiteboard, but in the process of multimedia presentations. Moreover, technological access to the latest information would make researches and presentations of students informative and in such a way students will be able to develop their decision-making abilities and investigating methodologies (Teacher Training Agency, 1998; Dede, 2000). Creative thinking of the students would direct their capabilities to develop their learning and communicative strategies. What is more important is the fact that abilities gained by means of ICT enable students to communicate with their co-thinkers around the world both in local and global environments. ICT resources help students and teachers to complete curriculum objectives. Such kinds of resources as t echnological facilities are mediators between a new well-developed educational process, teaching and learning capabilities (Yelland, N., 200; Ololube, 2006). When ICT is used in monitoring, recording, assessing and reporting in the curriculum, then the process of examination and students’ achievement is facilitated. Nevertheless, in order to reach the efficiency of ICT to the fullest extent, the leading positions of ICT have to be developed. Students’ performance is increased in case there is a well-balanced ICT management. For example, it is relevant to interview students and teachers and ask their opinions about efficiency of ICT in the curriculum. Moreover, in order to facilitate the process of ICT implementation, it is relevant to organize trainings and develop strategies on â€Å"strengthening weaker aspects of ICT provision† (Blake, 2008, p. 21). There are also drawbacks of ICT in the curriculum. Once students have an access to numerous information resourc es, they would loose their own initiative and creative thinking. In previous years when students only had a chance to get information from books or other printed sources, they could rely only on themselves (Christen, 2009; Davies and Ellison, 2003). Nowadays Internet access and thousands of ready essays confuse students. At this point a crucial role may play a teacher: â€Å"

READING REFLECTION - DESIRING GOD by John Piper - TURABIAN FORMAT Essay

READING REFLECTION - DESIRING GOD by John Piper - TURABIAN FORMAT - Essay Example He supports his arguments by citing Judas Iscariot’s betrayal of Jesus Christ, which was a sin to fulfill God’s plan and will. Piper states that God’s pursuit of pleasure from us and our pursuit of pleasure from him are the same things.2 The main purpose of conversion is to select the few that will enter the Kingdom of heaven. Not all people who talk of God will enter the Kingdom, but only those who turn away from sin, repent and trust in God. From his book, Piper likens worship to a feast of Christian hedonism. He states that from biblical interpretations, worship includes outward acts including praying, preaching, cleansing, reciting, ordaining, lifting hands, bowing, and performing rites of eating.3 In addition, true worship must include inward feelings and thoughts that reflect on God’s worth and glory. Piper continues by stating that love is the overflow of joy in God. Love is reflected from outward acts and activities performed by people. God is love, and He loves a cheerful giver. Piper continues to state that what a person feels about money can either destroy or build one. What one does with his money forms a foundation that can build his happiness or ruin him forever. In marriage, husbands are told to love their wives because their wife’s body is theirs. They are required to do so just like Jesus died for the church. Christians are expected to continue with Paul’s missions of preaching the gospel. They are supposed to preach it in new regions and territories and to people who have not yet received it. In going out to missions, Christians are supposed to expect suffering, but put it in their hearts and minds that all their suffering is for Christ and with Christ. As such, they are not supposed to despair, but put in more efforts until they achieve their goals. The primary thesis of the book, which is Christian hedonism, relates to both private and public worship in many ways. This is mainly

Rusell’s Theory of Reference Essay Example for Free

Rusell’s Theory of Reference Essay Language is very powerful. It can isolate one individual or allowed it to communicate with other people. We acquire a lot of skills and knowledge through the use of language. We used language for cultural adaptation. Some thinkers would just put it that way, accept language as part of our mundane existence, while others were engrossed on it. More than its social significance one cannot deny that language is important to the discourse of man thus some scholars put much value on the power of language in solving the puzzles in life. The structure of language became a preoccupation not just by linguistics but even by philosophy. It is the hope of philosophy in untangling the mess on the previous era. But before one would even speak of solving puzzles, s/he is already caught in the question as to what is the connection of language to the real world? Is there a world outside the rules of language? With that we begin to digest the underlying themes and issues in the development of philosophy of language. One of the issues concerning philosophers of language is, in what way can language represent the world. Moreover, do names pertains to the things themselves, as we experienced them? Is our description of the world the exact replica of the world? These are questions that not only Philosophy of language discussed but even those interested in metaphysics. If during the time of Descartes, philosophers are preoccupied with the debate between realism and idealism, in looking at the philosophy of language one can see that this debate did not die out but was transformed into a more investigative one such that scholars do not only discuss the world outside our representation of it, but also the connection between words, thoughts, meanings, reality and truth. In tracing the development of philosophy, one could conclude that philosophy undergone three stages; at first, ancient philosophers such as Parmenides and Heraclitus were concern about the world of world (or cosmos),second stage is the world of ideas, were the interest of thinkers includes, the dichotomy between the body and the mind, or of reality and ideas, and lastly is the world of language, were philosophers recognized the muddles of philosophy in the past particularly in the branch of metaphysics is due to the problems in language. How can one expressed or represent the world through language? Are the meanings we associate with the words have something to do with reality? It is in this light that logic was employed by some thinkers in trying to explain the connection of words with the thing itself. Does the word ‘chicken’ for instance pertains to something out there? Are the two thing the same or independent with each other? These will be explored in the succeeding parts focusing specifically on the theory of reference by Bertrand Russell coupled with the reaction of his protege Ludwig Wittgenstein. These two analytical philosophers became very influential that Time magazine(2003) even considered them as two of the 100 most important people of the Century. At first, the theory of reference must be clarified. What do the philosophers such as Russell mean by â€Å"reference? † Reference pertains to the relation derived from the expression and what the person used to talk about such expression (Reimer: 2003). The major question is in what way words can refer? Or what are the rules in referring? This concern about reference is also in relation to truth and meaning. Russell, considered as a descriptivist, believed in the description theory whereby proper name do â€Å"refers† because of the descriptive content associated with it by the speaker (Reimer: 2003). However he also clarified that proper names can vary from one speaker to another. For example, Peter (one person) may be called by someone as her son, and husband by another. As opposed to Frege, Russell go further in explaining that definite descriptions are not really referring expressions because they are not â€Å"logically proper names (Ibid). † In his collaboration with Whitehead, Russell developed his ideas that mathematical truths can be translated to logical truths. This reduction of Logic to Mathematics is known as Logicism. Maybe one would asked, why is there a need for this? Russell together with Whitehead wanted to provide solution in the difficulties of language which is why they look at the possibility that formal rules of logic could help solve the problem. This new tradition in Philosophy marked the attitude of a philosopher in understanding the world by knowing the opportunities and limitations impinge on us by language. Rusell became known in analytical philosophy also because of his theory of logical atomism (Klement:2005). This was derived or grew from the initial collaboration with Whitehead. According to this view, all truths are dependent upon layer of atomic facts (Ibid). He proposed that elements of certain theories be breakdown into simple forms (â€Å"atoms†). Russell’s idea also suggests that atomic propositions are logically independent with each other. Logical atomism is possible when formal logic provides the rules by which we can translate ideal language into their simple, atomic facts and put them in a meaningful context. Upon seeing Russell’s discussion, one of the greatest analytic philosopher has also something say about logic and about reference in relation to truth. The Early Wittgenstein ( He was called as such because the later Wittgenstein in the Philosophical Investigation totally abandoned his assumptions in this early writing), published his known book, Tractatus Logico-Philosopicus which became an a logical piece which explains the metaphysical world. This book was closely linked with Bertrand Russell’s philosophy because it tries to continue some of his ideas and at the same time serve as a reaction to it. The book basically address the problem of the world and language in philosophy. Wittgenstein (1922) believed that the world is represented by thought. His conception of the world is different with the logical atomists in a way that he believed it is made up of facts instead of objects. Wittgenstein’s idea of the world is unique because he considered thoughts and propositions as pictures of the world. Wittgenstein’s investigation in the Tractatus serves to find the limits of the world, thought and language (Ibid). As a consequence of this, he believed that one can only represents through meaningful propositions factual state of affairs that are capable of being pictured. Although he made it clear that the pictorial representations of the world show themselves through logical propositions but they cannot be said. Language therefore serve its function in showing or picturing this facts. Facts according to him are constructed in complex one thus making what one called the ‘world. ’ It must be said that in the Ordinary language tradition, a different Wittgenstein, proposed philosophical investigations with ordinary language and not some theory still trapped within the muddles of philosophy. Wittgenstein for instance would say, that instead of worrying yourself about the meaning of life and trying to look for some explanations (either logical or theological), one should understand how does s/he lives her/his life and is s/he happy in the process. Also in the latter Wittgenstein it was shown his theory the need for individuals to speak the same language. This was advanced in his idea on â€Å"language games’ whereby, if one would look the world, one would realized that there are various use and context of language. That an individual before engaging into the language game should first need to know the rules to be in context. This view is quiet similar to Austin’s theory in the Philosophy of Language entitled, â€Å"How to do things with Words. In as much as it is interesting to discussed the ordinary language theory in detail as part of the analytic tradition, it would be systematic to go back to the discussion of analytical philosophy in general. Going back to Russell’s theory, its contribution to analytic philosophy is that it became an offshoot for the development Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus that further lead to other strands of analytic philosophy. Based from the previous discussion one would realized why analytical philosophy is linked with philosophy of language. Some accounts also called analytical philosophy as ordinary language philosophy but not all thinkers are comfortable to used the terms interchangeably . Russell and Wittgenstein tried to solve some of the problems in philosophy by using logical analysis that would analyze the role of language to reality. The used of language will able the thinkers to solve philosophical problems. This was explicitly mentioned by Wittgenstein in the Tractatus, â€Å"the limits of my language means the limits of my world. † As an overview of the Analytical philosophy, the individual must realized that even though some philosophers adhere to the need for formal and logical analysis, others prefer to used ordinary language theory. Within the Analytic tradition there are various forms such as logical positivism, logical atomism, and ordinary language philosophy. Philosophers are even divided based on these strands. We can only hope that maybe in the future language could provide meanings that would enlighten us in our search for knowledge.

Postmodernism Revise Essay Example for Free

Postmodernism Revise Essay Discussion Question One, Due Thursday, 600 words Compare and contrast the idea of a â€Å"legitimate voice† from the modern and the postmodern perspective.    Legitimate Voice refers to the capability of the people to act upon what they actually perceive upon. This identifies the undeniable want of people to prove that what they believe in could actually be achieved thus giving them the chance to make a huge difference upon the society that they are living in. being a postmodernist is not an easy status to carry. This is because of the fact that carrying such status is something that is needs to be given high level of attention as postmodernists actually believe that although humans are able to realize their capability of changing his own society, he was not able to accomplish the best possible achievement that he is expected to gain based form the time that he has been given to change. Understanding modernism, it should occur to the people that making a change are not simply the aim of progress. It is to improve the major things that are found in the society today with a means of actually handling the present times with the vivid picture of what the future could possibly hold for them as the major actors of change. The application of legitimate voice within the process identifies the capability of humans to prove their thoughts through acts of improvement. The point of legitimacy should be strongly valued in applying modernization in the society. Whatever the ideas are and how well they fit to the community’s present description of improving success must likely be involved equally with each other. It is only through this that the changes implied are assured to give rightful effects and benefits to the people of the present society as extended towards the human population in the future. True, modernization is a major issue that is dealt with by every individual as well as every nation in the world today. It is through the belief of this idealism that people are able to hone their capabilities of handling major changes to open the society’s path towards a more progressive community that could give them the best results of changes in handling challenges of human society’s life and journey. The modernist’s approach in explaining the intentional use of legitimate voice in the society’s progression is actually focused upon the positivity of the matter and the way that it affects the society, whereas post-modernists actually use it to prove that people are still able to do far more better than what they have already accomplished. Discussion Question Two, Due Sunday 600 words Compare and contrast how arguments were legitimized and defended to the modernists vs. the postmodernists. THE dawn of the 1990’s has brought with it new hopes for world peace. But it has also brought with it an unparalleled uncertainty and confusion. For example, there is great uncertainty over what will happen in nations that are abandoning centrally planned economies that have failed. A number of these lands are moving into free-market capitalism. But many nations that are already capitalist have widespread poverty and unemployment, high inflation and debt. Even the United States has a huge internal debt—some three million dollars—and is also the largest debtor nation in international trade. One result of the world’s economic woes is noted by a New York Times editorial, which said: â€Å"There are more desperately poor people in the world than ever before.† Partly because of growing uncertainties, many have retreated into selfishness: the me-first attitude, material greed, the desire for instant gratification regardless of consequences. Rampant drug abuse is an evidence of this. Christopher Lasch, a professor of history at the University of Rochester, put it this way: â€Å"The moral bottom has dropped out of our culture.† Internationally acclaimed economist Arjo Klamer states: â€Å"Artists, economists, businessmen and families have lost faith in modernist certainties. .  .  . Disillusionment turned out to be an emotion shared by people across fields and disciplines.† Stating that â€Å"confusion prevails,† he added: â€Å"Fragmentation. Emptiness. Irony. Chaos. These are some of the words in vogue. They define the intricate web of post-modernism in which modern people are lost.† It is painfully evident that this world’s political, economic, and social systems do not have permanent remedies for today’s immense problems and uncertainties. Obviously, through the reports sited above, it could be noted that the observation of the society and the impact of the implications of modernization in the society’s system affect the lives of human individuals directly. The constancy of the said idealism as per applied in the society today although happen to affect the lives of the people in both the positive and negative aspects of progress. Meanwhile the debating issues that are raised by the postmodernists actually challenges the people to do better than what they are presently doing, thus giving them the chance to have better benefits from the hard works that they render to the society. Implications Conclusions, Due Monday, 500 words Which postmodernist is most translatable and practically applied to your professional life? Why? Post-modernism is a thought of being continuously in want of making changes as the present changes and improvements are not yet suffice to handle the future challenges that may befall the human race.   In terms of professionalism, the said idealism pays much though the fact that the said thought would likely move people to become more than what they think and perceive they could be. Thinking about these possibilities would likely bring out the best from the individuals who are involved in improving their own ways of progression. Professionalism certainly involves excellence and outstanding thought of improvement and truth. It is through the application of post modernism theories and thoughts that the systems of professional dealings become much easier to deal with and apprehend with as the goals of improvement among the individuals involved rather become much vivid than the usual. The longing for and advancement more than the usual could be proven by the following lines:   Ã¢â‚¬Å"However, if â€Å"modern† science has taught us anything, it is that we are still quite clueless as to how we tick. We are not as smart or advanced as we think we are. Take the medical field, for instance. Granted, we have conquered some diseases and have a good sense of what things hurt us (although the processes of exactly how diseases work is still quite mysterious), as well as how we should take care of our bodies. But these advances aside, medicine is still fairly primitive† (Week 6 Lecture, Dr. Keeney,page 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As closely observed, the situation suggests that the current achievements of humans are still not enough. Because of this, the application for wanting much excellence than the usual is designed to make better options of improvement for the people today until they reach the peak point of their capabilities and potentials as human beings making contribution to the success of the communities that they particularly live in.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As the major theorists of postmodernism places it, the people are more capable of doing more than what they can as well as gaining more than what they normally could achieve. Applying this particular idealism in a professional environment shall indeed point out the need for becoming highly involved with change thus imply developments within the existing system of operations within the organizations that are involved within the situation dealt with by particular individuals. References: Week 6 Lecture, Dr. Keeney. Week 7 lecture. Posted: 01/22/2008 01:55 PM, by: Kyle Keeney. Bringing it all together. Farrell, John. Paranoia and Postmodernism, the epilogue to Paranoia and Modernity: Cervantes to Rousseau (Cornell UP, 2006), 309-327. Giddens, Anthony (1991) Modernity and Self Identity, Cambridge: Polity Press. Grebowicz, Margaret (ed.), Gender After Lyotard. NY: Suny Press, 2007.(ISBN 978-0-7914-6956-9) Groothuis, Douglas. Truth Decay. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press, 2000. Harvey, David (1989) The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change (ISBN 0-631-16294-1) Hicks, Stephen R. C. (2004) Explaining Postmodernism: Skepticism and Socialism from Rousseau to Foucault (ISBN 1-59247-646-5)

Comparison of Social Media Use in Different Countries

Comparison of Social Media Use in Different Countries Evolution and history of social media: Social media could be depicted as types of electronic interchanges (Web sites for social systems administration and blogging) through which clients make online groups to impart data, plans, particular messages, and other substance (as features). The same source characterizes organizing as the trade of data or administrations around people, aggregations, or foundations; particularly: the growth of profitable connections for job or business. (Edosomwan Seymour, 2011) There are numerous thoughts regarding the first event of social media. All around much of mankinds history, people created innovations that make it less demanding for him to correspond with one another. In the late 1800s, the radio and phone were utilized for social connection, though restricted with the radio (Rimskii, 2011) Social networks have developed through the years to the present day assortment which utilizes advanced media. Be that as it may, the social media isnt that new. Furthermore, it didnt begin with the workstation yet rather the phone. Throughout the 1950s, telephone phreaking, the term utilized for the rebel seeking of the phone system, started. This methodology was achieved through the utilization of custom made electronic gadgets that encouraged unapproved access to the phone framework to make free calls. Phreaks could discover phone organization test lines and gathering circuits to finish their assignment. Brett Borders expressed phreaks could hack into corporate unused voice post boxes to have the first websites and podcasts (Borders, 2009) The public, During the 1960s, saw the advent of email (Borders, 2009). Nonetheless, the web was not accessible to general society until 1991. Email was initially a system to trade messages starting with one PC then onto the next; however both Pcs were obliged to be on the web. Today, email servers will acknowledge and store messages which permit beneficiaries to get to the email whenever it seems best. In 1969, ARPANET, made by Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), a U.S. government organization, was created. ARPANET was an early system of time-imparting machines that shaped the support of the web. CompuServe, the third improvement of the 1960s, was likewise made in 1969 with a mission to give time-offering administrations by leasing time on its Pcs. With high charges, this administration was excessively unreasonable for some (Rimskii, 2011) (Ritholz) Computer Technologies Social media was further created throughout the 1970s. MUD, initially known as Multi-User Dungeon, Multi-User Dimension, or Multi-User Domain, was a constant virtual world with pretending recreations, intelligent fiction, and online talk. MUD is basically content based which obliges clients to sort summons utilizing a common dialect. BBS was made in 1978, that year as MUD. BBS is an equivalent word for release board framework. Clients log into the framework to transfer and download programming, read news, or trade messages with others. In the early years, release loads up were gotten to through a modem through a phone line by one man at once. At an early stage, notice sheets finished not have colour or design. Release sheets were the antecedents of the World Wide Web. Imagined in 1979 and secured in 1980, the Usenet is like a BBS. Usenet is a framework to post articles or news. The contrast from a BBS is that Usenet does not have a focal server or dedicated overseer messages are sent to different servers by means of news sustains (Ritholz) Numerous social networking sites were made in the 1990s. A few illustrations incorporate Sixdegrees, Blackplanet, Asian Avenue, and Moveon. These are, or have been, online corner social locales where individuals can connect, including destinations for open approach promotion and a social system dependent upon a web of contacts model. Likewise, blogging administrations, for example, Blogger and Epinions were made. Epinions is a site where buyers can read or make audits of items. Thirdvoice and Napster were two product provisions made in the 90s that have since been evacuated from the business sector. Thirdvoice was a free module that permitted clients to post remarks on pages. Adversaries of the product contended that remarks were frequently obscene or offensive. Napster was a product provision that permitted shared record offering. Clients were permitted to impart music documents bypassing ordinary dispersion techniques, which at last was dead set to be a violation of copyright laws (Edosomwan Seymour, 2011) In 2000 social media accepted an incredible support with the seeing of numerous social networking sites springing up. This exceedingly supported and converted the cooperation of people and associations who offer basic enthusiasm toward music, training, films, and fellowship, taking into account social networking. Around those that were propelled included LunarStorm, six degrees, cyworld, ryze, and Wikipedia. In 2001, fotolog, sky online journal and Friendster were propelled, and in 2003, MySpace, LinkedIn, last FM, tribe.net, Hi5 and so forth. In 2004, prominent names like Facebook Harvard, Dogster and Mixi developed. Throughout 2005, enormous names like Yahoo!360, YouTube, cyword, and Black planet all developed (Junco, R, Heibergert, G, Loken, E, 2011) Facebook Facebook is a social networking website propelled in February 2004, and it is secretly worked by Facebook, Inc. Facebook was established by Mark ZuckerBerg and others when he was an understudy at Harvard; however when the site was at first propelled, it was limited to Harvard people just. Later the benefit was reached out to secondary school people and later to everybody that is 13 years or more established (Boyd, 2007). Starting July 2010, Facebook has more than 500 million dynamic clients. In January 2009, Facebook was positioned as the most utilized social system around the world. Additionally, in May 2010, Google advertised that more individuals went to Facebook than whatever possible website on the planet. It announces that this was uncovered from discoveries on 1,000 sites over the world (TIMES, 2010). Clients may make an individual profile; include different clients as companions, and trade messages, including programmed warnings, photographs and remarks when they overhaul their profile. Furthermore, Facebook clients may join basic investment client aggregations, composed by work environment, school, school, or different aspects. Facebook permits any individual who is no less than 13 years of age to turn into an enrolled client of the website. Once a day, activity to Facebook system is on the ascent. Facebook likewise turned into the top social system over eight unique markets in Asia, Philippines, Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, New Zealand, Hong Kong and Vietnam. On October 24, 2007, Microsoft reported that it had acquired a 1.6% offer of Facebook for $240 million, giving Facebook an aggregate intimated worth of around $15 billion. Microsofts buy included rights to place global ads on Facebook; different organizations have similarly stuck to this same pattern (STONE, 2007) The overall status of Facebook Egypt: With 16 million clients, Egypt is positioned first around the Arab locale nations that utilization Facebook, and seventeenth worldwide regarding crowd size, as stated by an as of late issued report. This speaks to 1.4% of worldwide Facebook clients (DailyNews Egypt, 2013 ). As stated by the e-marketing Egypt Online Competitiveness Intelligence report, Egypts Facebook group saw something like 41% development contrasted with a year ago, the amount of clients in 21 July 2012 being 11.3 million. This implies that the current number of clients is 18.84% of Egypts populace. Starting 21 July 2013, there are 61 million Facebook clients in the Arab world, 26% them are Egyptian. The report read: 48.11% of web clients in Egypt are Facebook clients. The report, distributed in August 2013, expressed that 12 million of Egyptian Facebook clients are underneath 30 years of age. The sex dispersion Facebook clients in Egypt has demonstrated that female clients are of much more youthful ages, with females under 30 years of age speaking to 81% of aggregate female clients in Egypt. The amount of male clients is something like 10 million, speaking to about 63% of aggregate clients (DailyNews Egypt, 2013 ). Hong Kong: Another review has uncovered that Hong kongers are investing more of a chance perusing and composing online journals, and on social media sites, for example, Facebook and YouTube, than different markets around the globe, including the US. Whether over a home broadband administration or a cell phone Hong kongers are investing an expanding measure of time viewing feature, gaming, shopping and offering on the web (Ketchum, 2011) On a week by week groundwork, 77% of Hong kongers studied were perusing websites, 52% were composing websites and 92% were locked in on Facebook demonstrating a fundamentally more elevated amount of online cooperation than different markets studied around the globe. Social media is assuming a part in tending to tests to work-life adjust in Hong Kong a spot well known for its buckle down play hard lifestyle. 68% of those overviewed invest the same or more of an opportunity with companions online than they do in individual. Social networking sites are likewise as powerful on acquiring choices as universal media. Half of respondents had made a buy dependent upon web journal suggestions (Ketchum, 2011). India: The report gauges 243 million web clients in the nation by June 2014, overwhelming the US as the worlds second biggest web base after China (Times of India, 2013). Indians principally utilize the web for correspondence, generally as email; social media is likewise a vital driver of web use in India. This aspect of the IMAI report might be authenticated with information from different sources, for example, Facebook, as stated by which India had 82 million month to month dynamic clients by June 30, 2013, the second biggest land district for Facebook after the US and Canada. Facebook does not work in China. Web infiltration in India is determined to a great extent by cell telephones, with a portion of the least expensive and most essential hand-sets today offering access to the web. India has 110 million portable web clients of which 25 million are in rustic India. The development of web infiltration in provincial India is determined to a great extent by the cellular telephone; 70% of country Indias animated web populace get to the web by means of cell telephones (Times of India, 2013) Ukraine: Overall status of Facebook in Ukraine can be judged from the protests happened throughout in Ukraine. The principal eminent pattern is that Facebook is, no doubt utilized considerably more eagerly than Twitter. The authority EuroMaidan Facebook page, began on Nov. 21, now has in excess of 126,000 preferences. Very nearly the sum of the data on this page is in Ukrainian, proposing that the data is outfitted to locals instead of the universal group, and there is confirmation of vibrant association. A gander at the most prevalent Facebook posts on this page affirm this instinct: numerous posts give news redesigns that create serious dialogs; however the page is additionally used to give paramount logistical data to protestors. There are, for instance, posts with maps of spots to get free tea and access to warm spaces, exhortation on the best way to abstain from being incited by government executors, flyers to print and disseminate around the city, and also data on where dissidents will be assembling (Barbera Metzger, 2013). Strategy for Facebook going forward Considering the above situations in selected countries it can be concluded that Facebook is very famous and its user are increasing day by day. By looking into the situation of Egypt and Ukraine, it can be noticed that Facebook played a vital role in revolutions and movements. Strategy for these two countries should be made very carefully, so that Facebook Inc. may not get involved in any political matter. However strategy for India and Hong Kong may be the same. In both countries this social website is providing services for business and social need in positive way. All these countries are very populated and number of users is large so Facebook can make a handsome profit by ad displaying business. Its strategy for mobile users is a real issue for Facebook. Large number of users is due to mobile and internet facility on mobiles, but problem is format of display is different in different mobiles hence there is problem in ad displaying (Cho, 2013 ).

Collegiate Sports Essay -- NCAA

Weston (2006) provided a more focused approach in describing the value of foreign signings in collegiate competition. However, instead of focusing on the financial gains associated with sustained success in division 1 competition, Weston discussed the benefits of international recruitment to collegiate sports as a whole to promote globalization and integration in collegiate sports. The term international student-athletes was used by Weston in referring to any foreign born student recruited by a university to play a specific sport in exchange for a college scholarship. In order to gauge the benefits of international recruitment, Weston asserts that a review of pertinent factors must be made. Factors stated by by Weston in her study includes the current standards of the NCAA, the effects of these signings to the educational opportunities and playing environment for local student-athletes and the American perception of internationalization of college sports (Weston, 2006). The primary benefit of international recruitment is the improvement of an already celebrated phenomenon in the United States. Globalization in collegiate sports through migration and movement of foreign athletes is generally beneficial for all institutions (Weston, 2006). The presence of these international athletes provide diversity that enriches the whole educational and sporting experience in inter-collegiate sports, fostering a sense of brotherhood, international relations, and cultural integration that Weston believes would improve the political and social awareness of students that are not only limited in the realm of sports competition. The increased number of available talent increases the quality of competition, resulting into the improvement of the sp... ...es present for local students to have success in their respective sports. Abbey-Pinegar asserted that the enforcement of discernible rules and regulations would help improve and standardized the system of international recruitment, allowing more schools to experience its benefits rather then only a few. Abbey-Pinegar concluded that international signings of foreign student-athletes would continue for the desire of many schools is to create a winning team for the success of their sports programs. Creating policies and standards that enforce regulation and standardization of international recruitment can help create a level playing field for schools in the different NCAA divisions. Furthermore, the creation of such regulations can help alter the focus of many towards the benefits that international recruitment brings to the students rather than the institution.

circumstances in make lemonade Essay -- essays research papers

Circumstances   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Circumstances; they rule our lives. One has if not no control, then VERY little control, over their actions when they are placed in harsh circumstances. It is very difficult to break through your surroundings, to beat everyone around you.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is a quote â€Å"Circumstances rule men and not circumstances.† The idea of this quote, that one doesn’t have control over their turnout when they are placed in harsh circumstances, shows up in other places as well. There is another quote which is similar to this one. The quote is â€Å"Circumstances define us; they force us on one road or another then they punish us for it†. â€Å"Circumstances define us†¦Ã¢â‚¬  we are only who the people around us make us out to be. We take after our surroundings. It is hard to stay away from bad things, if all that surrounding us is bad. It is difficult to resist peer pressure. In the novel Make Lemonade, by Virginia Ewer Wolf, LaVaughn wants out. She wants to get away from all of the violence, all the drugs. She wants to get out of where she lives, which is very similar to the projects, some neighborhoods near her ARE the projects, and to go to college. She wants to escape from all of the peer pressure. She understands that she is not capable of becoming the type of woman she wants to be if she never experiencing life outside of her circumstances, life outside of drugs, violence and other things of the sort. Her surroundings, the circumstance...

Creating Slave Laws Essay -- essays research papers

The institution of slavery is a black mark on the record of Americans. Marking a time of hate and racism, an oppression spurred by fear that would plague our nation for decades upon decades. An Act for the Better Order and Government of Negroes and Slaves, and Conflicts between Masters and Slaves: Maryland in the Mid-Seventeenth Century, illustrate the dismay and panic European Colonials endured as they enslaved Africans. This dismay and panic generated laws to be established that further widened the gap between Europeans and Africans, stripping the Africans of any legal rights. The dismay and panic concerned loosing a valuable economic pawn. The first piece, An Act for Better Ordinance, clearly portrays the attitude of the majority of White Europeans. "Whereaes the plantations and estates of this Province cannot be well and sufficiently manages and brought into use, without the labor and service of negroes and other slaves [i.e., Indians]; and forasmuch as the said negroes and other slaves brought unto the people of this Province for that purpose, are barbarous, wild, savage natures, and such as renders them wholly unqualified to be governed by the laws, customs, and practices of this Province; but that is absolutely necessary."1 The white men of the time felt that their superiority was deemed by a higher power, why else would their skin tones be so drastically different. Racist views of these 'savage' men created fear. With the growing number of slaves, they had to be stripped of everything to prevent anarchy, as the white men could not envision a world without slave labor. The white men rationalized that slav es will escape. To prevent this one must allow them nothing beyond the plantation they were running from. The white men turn to government. "And for the better security of all such persons that shall endeavor to take any run-away, or shall examine any slave for his ticket, passing to and from his master's plantation, it is hereby declared lawful for any white person to beat, maim or assault, and if such negro or slave cannot otherwise be taken, to kill him, who shall refuse to shew his ticket, or, by running away or resistance, shall endeavor to avoid being apprehended or taken."2 White men had granted themselves a license to kill Africans whose desire for freedom was too strong. Likewise, the second piece, Conflicts between Maste... ...ord/St. Martin’s, 1999), 48. 5. The Early America Review, Charles P.M. Outwin, â€Å"Securing the Leg Irons: Restriction of Legal Rights for Slaves in Virginia and Maryland, 1625-1791. pg 7. Available http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/winter96/slavery.html 6. The Early America Review, Charles P.M. Outwin, â€Å"Securing the Leg Irons: Restriction of Legal Rights for Slaves in Virginia and Maryland, 1625-1791. pg 7. Available http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/winter96/slavery.html 7. Journal of Black Studies, Joyce Tang, â€Å"Enslaved African Rebellions in Virginia,† pg 2 May 1997, v 27, n, p598. Available http://bess.fcla.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/~fcliac/cgi2iac/UF?RI19998103 8. Journal of Black Studies, Joyce Tang, â€Å"Enslaved African Rebellions in Virginia,† pg 3 May 1997, v 27, n, p598. Available http://bess.fcla.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/~fcliac/cgi2iac/UF?RI19998103 9. Journal of Black Studies, Joyce Tang, â€Å"Enslaved African Rebellions in Virginia,† pg 4 May 1997, v 27, n, p598. Available http://bess.fcla.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/~fcliac/cgi2iac/UF?RI19998103

Mate Selection Process Questions Essay

1. Do you find that your parents tend to promote free choice selection or arranged marriages? 2. Do you prefer to find a man that you think would be a good father? 3. Do you tend to choose woman based on the fact that she could bear a healthy child? 4. Is it attractive to find an intelligent man/woman? 5. When deciding on a man/women to date do you tend to be attracted to a person with similar social background? 6. Do you tend to have an image of an ideal mate formed in your head? 7. Do you believe that it is possible for anyone to get mate in his/her life because attraction is based more on reality than fantasy? 8. In your opinion do you think arranged marriages are more successful than dating or vise versa? 9. When you decide to marry another person do you truly believe you will be together for the rest of your life? 10. Does being in a relationship and more specifically marriage make you worry you will need to give up your dreams? 11. Do you show your resources to prove that you are good provider (men only)? 12. Do you display qualities that make you desirable and seem nurturing (women only)? 13. In your opinion do you think having gained a disposable income and cars has made dating more fun and easier to do? 14. When you date do believe that it is unethical to date more than one person at a time? 15. When you date more and more do you find that your expectations grow higher and higher to the point where you feel satisfied in the relationship?

Gender Mainstreaming: Taking Action, Getting Results Essay

Outline Gender approach, gender analysis and consideration of gender- sensitive indicators are required for developing gender-sensitive programs and achieving the goals of gender equity and equality. I. Definitions of gender blindness, equality, equity and bias. II. The most important events in evolution of gender and development approaches. III. The role of gender analysis in gender mainstreaming. IV. Examples of gender sensitive indicators. V. GDP as a gender blind indicator. VI. Plan for reducing prevalence of male patients at STD clinics. VII. Gender-sensitive advocacy plan. VIII. Difference between a network and coalition in the context of advocacy. Gender approach, gender analysis and consideration of gender- sensitive indicators are required for developing gender-sensitive programs and achieving the goals of gender equity and equality. The approach ignoring the social and economic differences between men and women is considered to be gender blind. A comprehensive analysis of the country’s economics is impossible without considering this significant aspect. Gender perspective needs to be applied to economics analysis of the rate of women’s unemployment in developing countries, for example. Terms of gender equality and equity have got similar meanings. Thus, gender equality means equal rights for both men and women, while gender equity denotes fairness in distribution of men’s and women’s responsibilities. For example, men and women can have a claim on the same executive post. Still, most managers are men, while women are expected to be under their ferule. The majority of employers would give preference to male specialists because they will not need maternity leaves. This phenomenon of favouring men over women is called gender bias. First Conference on Women held in Mexico in 1975 was a significant step forward. The main objective of the meeting was women’s full integration into  the society development. The second Conference on Women was held in Copenhagen in 1980, the third – in Nairobi in 1985. The questions of women’s’ equal footing with men were raised at these meetings. Nairobi conference indicated a shift to gender perspective in economics analysis, considering the difference between women and men within various spheres of life. Gender questions were discussed at a number of UN meetings in 1990s. Human rights conference in 1993 coined the concept of reproductive rights as human rights. The evolution of understanding presupposed the shift of emphasis from statistic and medical aspects to accepting the differences between genders and providing equal rights and opportunities in various spheres of life. The term gender mainstreaming denotes the strategies aimed at achieving the goal of gender equality. It presupposes shift to the gender perspective an accepting the existing differences in men’s and women’s opportunities. Other ways for reaching the goal are taking into consideration gender relations, changing the current legislation concerning the problem and gender analysis. Gender analysis consists of investigation of the nature of differences and establishing of the cause-and-effect relations between gender differences and inequality. Knowing the roots of the problem, it would be easier to look for its solutions. For this reason, gender analysis may be regarded an integral part of gender mainstreaming. It is helpful for defining the socio-cultural variables and following manipulating them. A gender-sensitive indicator denotes qualitative or quantitative measurements of changes in gender-related spheres in the course of time. This testing is helpful for monitoring the differences between men and women arising from their gender roles. The latest measurements indicated decreasing the gender gap. The United Nations Organization conducts statistical researches in three main dimensions, such as social resources, political power and employment. Analysis of quantity of women-parliamentarians, women-managers or women receiving a post graduate degree might be good examples of gender-sensitive indicators. Still, statistics data is insufficient for making all necessary measurements, and qualitative testing requires conducting surveys and further analysis of the  answers. Status within the family, material resources, time burden and career choices are the most popular dimensions for making the measurements. Thus, the examples of gender-sensitive indicators might be analysis of participation of women in family decision-making and/or bread-winning, analysis of statistics data concerning the number of women owning land and women’s answers concerning the distribution of household chores in their families. Gross Domestic Product (GPD) measures official economic output of the country using technical approach to data analysis. For this reason, it might be regarded a gender blind indicator. The fact is that only quantitative data is used for assessing this parameter, while its qualitative characteristics are not taken into consideration. At the same analysis of gender differences could have a significant impact on these results. For example, notwithstanding the present day moving towards gender equality and equity, there are certain differences in financial compensation for men’s and women’s labour. It might become hindrance for estimating GPD per capita precisely. Notwithstanding the evolution of gender approach and emphasis on human rights of reproductive health, Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) clinics enjoy wider popularity among men that among women. Due to their misconceptions concerning the rules of examinations at such institutions, women do not attend STD clinics as often as men do. Prevalence of male patients in these institutions might be considered to be one of gender-sensitive indicators. Women might be afraid of being tested against their wishes or of their partners’ disapproval. The main goal of a gender sensitive program is to guarantee the equal rights for reproductive health for both men and women. It is important to raise the awareness of population concerning the procedures of clinical testing, putting emphasis on its optional and anonymous character. â€Å"It is achieved also through the set of learning mechanisms in ongoing socialization experiences† (Klein 40). The measures that need to be taken for achieving these goals are creating separate sex sessions at clinics and spreading information concerning the clinical testing and its benefits. For enhancing the effectiveness of the  program, its developers should choose gender sensitive indicators, such as comparative analysis of male and female patients and their motivation for undergoing a test. Advocacy is defined as a set of actions aimed at mobilization of individuals and organizations for supporting specific policies. Gender sensitive advocacy presupposes supporting gender related programs, strategies and legislations. Producing a gender sensitive advocacy plan requires preliminary analysis of significance of the problem, its actuality for both male and female population as well as expected positive consequences of changing the existing situation. â€Å"Questions concerning change of gender relations within the organization must be understood and addressed before they can truly implement a gender and development strategy as part of their organizational structure† (Mudgal 225). After defining the program objectives, it is possible to proceed to planning concrete actions, evaluating possible risks and identifying the target audiences. The next step after collecting the necessary information would be search of potential partners, such as women’s organizations, for example. Three most important ways for making the plan gender-sensitive are analysis of the program on both male and female target audience, choice of gender-sensitive objective and gender-sensitive indicators. The main difference of the concepts of a network and coalition is in sharing the common interests by the participants. Members of a network have got common interests; it might be a smaller group, such as women labour union at a concrete organization. Members of this union have common interests and objectives. Coalition would consist of labour unions of several organizations, not sharing common interests but uniting their efforts for achieving the main goals of gender equity and equality. Women have been struggling for equal civil rights with men since nineteenth century. Within the latest decades the gap was decreased, still, the question of gender discrimination remains topical. Bibliography Gender Mainstreaming: Taking Action, Getting Results, UNFPA, 2008. Klein, Susan. Handbook for Achieving Gender Equity through Education. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2007. Print. Mudgal, Shubha. Feminism and Status of Women. Jaipur: Book Enclave, 2007. Print.

Ethical Audit Report of Tesco Essay

According to Mamoria (2010), business ethics is defined as the businessman’s integrity so far as his conduct or behaviour is concerned in all fields of business as well as towards the society and other businesses. Thus, the conduct or behaviour by businessman towards the society or others may have some conflicts and contradictions. The intention of this report is to highlight what and why the incidents happened. The incidents include the employment of illegal workers, price fixing, and poor product quality. All these incidents tend to spoil the corporate’ image of the company and also bring harmful effect to the communities and other stakeholders. So, Tesco took action by compensating to the victims, restructured corporate management system for better performances, and provided training programme and learning course for the employee. The ethical theories applicable to Tesco include Ethics of Justice, Ethics of Duty, and Feminist Ethics, which will also be discussed in this report. In addition, the organization’s best practices and values such as corporate social responsibility and protecting the environment will also be discussed for the close up of this report. 1. 1 Background of Tesco Tesco, one of the largest retailers in the world started its business in 1919. The Founder, Jack Cohen started a grocery stall in East End of London. He made a profit of ? 1 from sales of ? 4 on his first day. After 5 years, in 1924. Mr. Cohen bought a shipment of tea from Mr. T. E. Stockwell where the â€Å"Tesco† brand first appearance. Tesco expanded its business to petrol station in 1974, and became the UK’s largest independent petrol retailer. It generated a total sales topped ? 1bn and doubled up to ? 2bn in 1982. In order to overtake the UK’s leading grocer in 1990, Tesco made an aggressive marketing campaign to open more stores to gain its businesses. In 2000, Tesco continued to expand its business by product range from clothes to electrical and personal finance products when Tesco. com was launched (www. telegraph. co. uk). For more detail on its corporate background, kindly refer to Appendix I. 2. 0 Ethical Dilemmas Ethics in general and ethics in business are very intimate to one another. Therefore one’s personal ethics cannot be completely separated from one’s business or organizational ethics. If you are a man of principles, then you are more inclined to insist on high moral standards in your business and organizations (Gavai, 2010). No matter how strong the corporate policy and system, ethical dilemmas still exist as everyone is looking for their own interest. Tesco, one of the biggest retailers in worldwide also faces the same problems such as illegal workers, price fixing and poor product quality. . 1 Illegal Workers Tesco was caught for hiring 30 illegal workers who were foreign students at one of its warehouses. These students were from 11 different nationalities; mostly Bangladeshi and Indian origins were alleged for working up to 3? times longer than their allowed working hour in visa permit (www. visabureau. com). They worked as much as 50 hours extra than the allowed ho urs of 20 hours per week. This incident happened after the UK border Agency enforcement team visited their factory on July 2012 in Croydon (www. immigrationmatters. co. uk). The retailer took responsibilities by giving corporation to the investigation as they insisted they did not condone illegal working (www. telegraph. co. uk). Anyhow, employees were considered the victims in this incident as they had not been protected by the company’s employment rules, where they were forced to work for extra hours. They faced big losses such as inability to further education and having a work-life balance. Employer did not protect for employee welfare, they abused employee right to work extra which prompted to product high productivity, maximize the profit margin by saving cost of employee salary. Supplier played a key role in this scenario, as it was the only party to transform information between the employers and the employee while in the process of recruitment. In fact, there was wrong information sending either to the employer or the employee. 2. 2 Price Fixing Tesco was accused in the scandal of the pricing fixing on its dairy products such as cheese and milk. The consumers from the Office of Fair Trading in UK reported that Tesco had charged them an additional of approximately ? 270M between years 2002-2003. The huge amount was accumulated from 3 pence extra for a pint of milk, 15 penny extra for each quarter-pound of butter and the same amount per half-pound of cheese for every single purchased together with another 8 firms were implicated in the collusion (www. dailymail. co. uk). They were caught by breaching the competition act in synchronising the increased price with other competitors for certain dairy products. However, Tesco’s competitors had admitted and OFT had been given discount on the fined amount as they had given cooperation in the investigation. When the corporations did not practice fair competition which comply with the competition law, consumers were the victims because they did not protect in fair trading. This is clearly a strong violation of consumers’ rights (www. savistamagazine. com). Shareholders in the corporations basically earned extra profits in this scenario. Whereas, this practices was not encouraged as they must obey the corporate law which was stated in the Corporate Governance. Government department plays a key role in this embarrass scenario; their intention was to protect the consumers. Their penalty towards the corporations sent a clear signal to them not to violate consumers’ rights. In fact, families in UK suffering big loss of expensed extra for the daily goods in unknowingly. They should be protected under the fair trading policy which ensured them to trade in worthiness. 2. 3 Poor Product Quality Tesco also received a punishment from the Bracknell Magistrate Court for selling 127 outdated foods in the Martins Heron branch on May 2011. The foods included beef-burgers, ham and chocolate cheesecake. This incident happened when a girl fell sick after consuming chargrilled chicken pasta salad. This prompted Bracknell Forest Trading Standards officers to investigate the matter after receiving the complaint. The officers found that the foods had expired for 16 days during a visit to the store (www. getreading. co. uk). Trading Standards officers commented this matter as the â€Å"worst case of out-of- date product† that they had ever seen (www. mirror. co. uk). The irresponsible behavior acted by the management of Tesco was strongly affected to the public health. It also brought suffer to the consumers from physically and mentality. The shareholders were also facing lost when the management was careless in managing the stocks. Besides the above, Tesco was discovered for selling 100 expired food products which included yoghurts, fruit smoothies, soup, gravy, vegetable pakoras, packaged salad, pasta bowls, samosa and bhaji snack packs and guacomole dip. These items were past their sell-by-dated of between 1 to 17 days. The occurrence was engaged by a manager who had 20 years experience but his first time to manage the largest store chain, Tesco Extra. Shoppers had complaint about the poor problems to the Coventry City Council and the trading standards officers had proven the issues after their raids at the branch in Gielgud Way, Walsgrave in November 2009 (www. oventrytelegraph. net) 3. 0 Actions taken to solve these dilemmas According to the Merriam Webster Dictionary, dilemmas are situations or problems where a person has to make a difficult choice; an ethical dilemma is a problem where a person has to choose between a moral and an immoral act (smallbusiness. chron. com). Dilemma occurrences in the workplace are common and action taken to solve them is very important, whereas theory of ethics can be applied as guidelines which may bring the moral decision. 3. 1 Reinforce in recruitment and management system Tesco was fined for a total of ? 15,000 by UK Border Agency (UKBA) for 23 students, of various nationalities who had breached the visa working terms (www. telegraph. co. uk). UKBA was reflecting UK government’s intention into act which has promised to overwhelm on visa abuse. The 23 individuals were not permitted to enter UK again (www. visabureau. com). The Britain’s biggest supermarket had ensured that the incident in this nature will never happen again. One of the executive had been laid off after the lacklustre performance (www. telegraph. co. uk). Tesco was a founder member of Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI). They searched employee with high standard by applying the ETI base code which included; no exploitation of child labour, working hours not exceeding (20 hours per week for foreign workers) and regular employment is provided (www. tesco. ie). However, the government had carried out a good job by taking serious action against any employers who had breached the visa working terms. After the fined it brought a â€Å"warning† to the competitors and simultaneously as a reminder to them to have good ethical practice while in competition. Nobody is allowed to breach the rules in order to obtain success in competition. In addition, after UKBA taken action against the employer, the rest employees will enjoy the benefits which to work in regularly, fair treated, feel protected and concerned by the government. Employer was ensured that the management system been improved after laid off an employee who made mistake. Employer was informed to put employee’s welfares as priority. 3. 2 Defending the rights Tesco was slapped with the fined of ? 10m for price-fixing of its dairy products by the Office of Fair Trading (OFT) in 2011 after seven years of investigation. However, they threatened to fight back by taking legal action against OFT to defend themselves. The company claimed they were â€Å"surprised and dismayed† with the fined and strongly denied with any collusion in changing pricing detail with each other via the dairy processors. Tesco stand at its point vigorously and throughout the court. However, it had urged the government to deprive OFT of its power to investigate and punish firms under the competition act (www. mirror. co. uk). The intention of OFT was to alert the industries that the competition laws was enforced in ensuring the shopper in a fair trade condition. Hence, after the punishments were sent, it was ensure that the competition was maintained under the competition laws. Furthermore, competitors were only able to divulge information to each other via dairy suppliers. Suppliers were also not been honest in this incident. Suppliers did not bear responsibility of providing high quality products with reasonable prices where the consumers are able enjoy the benefits. Thus, suppliers being fined by the OFT were considered reasonable. No matter how the employer wanted to fight back with OFT, they had to pay the fine and settled it in the fastest way where to stop any embarrassing matters to affect their sales figure. At the same time, the costly and time consuming case might affect the expense of both taxpayer and business as well. So the fine paid has benefitted the consumers which bring fairness of their trading. 3. 3 Compensations After Tesco had admitted selling of outdated food, it was fined by the Bracknell Magistate Court for ? 12,000, and ? 15,000 in legal fees and a ? 15 victim surcharge. The Charges were related to 88 types of food which were put on shelves for sales. Tesco had to bear for the penalty as they knew that selling of out-date-food brought harm to the public health (www. tutorcare. o. uk). In order not to repeat their mistake, they were reinforced through staff training at the Bracknell store to ensure all the processes undergone strict quality control and the procedures were complied. Customers are the cause and purpose of every business. A business is supposed to serve them satisfactorily (Gavai, 2010). According to Tesco Corporate responsibility, they were running local s upplier programme for the purpose of getting fresh and quality products. Therefore, the company had to enforce the programme to ensure it was running smoothly and the supplier complied with it. Employers had to bear the responsibility for the incident where there was serious problem in the management. The accused significantly spoiled the corporate image and reputation which cause the sales figure to drop. However, the employers had made a right decision for admitting the mistake and paid compensation. It significantly showed that Tesco was applying the Ethics of Justice. According to Plato (2010), justice is an order and a beauty of the parts of a whole. Justice is effective coordination. It is an effective harmony of the whole. Ethics of justice can be defined as what is right and what is wrong in clear and precision. It was related to the notion of fairness. When a person is been treated unequally or deprived from what he deserved, then he was treated with injustice. Tesco realized that treating someone injustice was an immoral action, so they pledged guilty and paid fined which tend to bring fairness to the consumers as to determine this action on the criterion of rightness, which is one of the concepts in Ethics of Justice as well. Furthermore, Tesco was fined for ? 33,400 for 43 charges of selling 100 out-of-date foods at a hearing in Coventry Magistrates Court and a further of 94 charges after considering their sentenced. However, some shareholders of Tesco were present in court to show their seriousness of this matter and their concern on the case. They pledged guilty on the charges and their managers were laid off and two other employees were being disciplined (www. lacors. gov. uk). Employees had th e responsibility to carry out their job by following the corporate system. Some of the mistakes were not being tolerated and it has brought harm to the public health. The Coventry council was pleased with the results as the sentenced brought a warning to other competitors in the same industry that the government had stand at their point for the communities was appreciated. 4. 0 Best Practices and Values According to Donald, White and Bedner (2010), value is a concept of the desirable, an internalized criterion or standard of evaluation a person possesses. Such concepts and standards are relatively few and determine or guide an individual’s evaluation of many objects encountered in everyday life. Values are tinged with moral flavour involving an individual’s judgement of what is good, right or desirable. Tesco has practiced several communities’ works as a return to the society and tried to deliver values to them. Corporate social responsibility is in the interest of business because, by contributing to social change, it can create a better environment for its own transactions, thereby developing business while being socially responsibly (Rendtorff and Dahl, 2009). 4. 1 Communities Works Tesco plays a vital role in the local communities by supporting them actively without preconditions. They wanted to have a good relationship with the communities in which they operated. The fundamental condition that Tesco can provide to the communities is providing good quality, affordable foods and goods, and offering job to the unemployment. Besides that, they are listening and responding to the local communities for their needs and values, carrying out the issues that matter to them positively, and improve the local area by providing lasting contributions. They regularly set up a new store in the area where the retailers or businesses had been neglected. Tesco also launched a Regeneration Partnership Programs in UK where Tesco was proud as this prompted to providing job opportunities to the long term unemployment. In May 2012, they had their first launched store under the regeneration program in Hungary at Debrecen. Hiring 100 unemployed and providing 42 with courses organized by Regional Labour Centre helped them to readjust in their routine of daily work. Tesco also gathered the local communities in a centre point for them to interact. In Turkey, Tesco Kipa Family Club offered Cooking class, Dancing class, chess and learning English Class to their 60,000 members. In addition, Tesco had over 100 schools of Extended Class in South Korea to let the customers and families to attend Arts and English Class. Presently, Tesco had over 750 communities champion working into the communities which communicated with the communities effectively. They were organizing activities such as Healthy Eating to the primary school and local school children, charity event by collection or bag packing, and also asking the staff and customers to join the events like Race for Life (www. tescoplc. com). Without doubt, values to the communities such as responsibility, accountability, concern and unity had contributed absolutely by Tesco. â€Å"Value† so understood is a very broad category. It includes all sorts of things, from personal desire like health or a sense of humor to social ideals like wealth or liberty (Weston, 2010). They are responsible to the communities by giving them quality product in affordable prices. In addition, they were giving values of accountability by organizing learning class for the communities to gain their knowledge and interests. Tesco is also concerned about the communities of the unemployment, giving priority to the unemployed for job opportunities which also gave them better future and better life. Unity of the communities is very important in local area, Tesco provided a platform for the communities to communicate, interact and work together. They looked forward that every business and store were valued by the communities as they were trying hard to give interest to the communities. Tesco contributed a lot of times and fund to the community works. This demonstrates the application of Ethics of Duty. According to Kant (2010), a duty is obligatory and one has to do his duty regardless of any situation. Most of the time duty implies an action that one is expected to do as a part of society which may be neither for self-satisfaction nor for immediate happiness. Tesco knew what their prime duty to the communities was. Having a good thought is not enough but must in action. An action with potential concern showed their responsibility to the communities. 4. 2 Protecting Environment Protecting the environment is one of the important missions set by Tesco. The only way to deal with it was reducing the impact on the environment, including water and energy usage. All the suppliers have to follow the program with Tesco by reducing carbon footprint on the product and manage the water usage in all the store chain. The mission to be achieved is to become a zero-carbon business by 2050. Achieving a mission is not only in planning but practice. Tesco has converted over 100 stores to natural refrigeration across the corporate. The project in Kenya for the Lake Naivasha water stewardship helped to reduce water pollution and raised the water levels, replace transportation from lorries to rail transport which saved 15,000 tonnes of CO2e per year. Tesco had also collaborated with Unilever to create awareness amongst customers of sustainable product choices; more than 10,000 customers were advised to reduce their water footprint in Turkey. Tesco practiced by reducing in packaging and minimizing waste in their dairy operation which helped to reduce the impact on the environment. Reducing waste was the priority plan for Tesco. They used a market-leading store ordering system which helped to predict what each store chain will sell, this minimized waste of food accurately before it reached their customers. The programmes of minimizing the store’s operational waste started running since 2009 throughout the world’s store chain. They did not send any wastage from the UK store to the landfill. If the wasted were unable to recycle then it will be converted into other sources of energy. In China, cardboard and wasted oil in the stores had been fully recycled. In Poland, in order to increase the rate of recycling, they have conducted an audit of waste segregation in stores. In Malaysia, they encouraged the employees to recycle by launching a weekly league table to record who recycled the most. In US, they sent their waste food to the food bank for those who needed to reduce the wastage. And lastly in Slovakia, they donated the waste food the Hunter’s association for feeding animals. The materials used for product packing were the lightest weight and sustainable and also gave opportunities for recycling. Since 2007, Tesco have reduced the packaging of own-brand product more than 15% in UK, which included cutting glass usage by 420 tonnes annually when producing their own label Champagne. They also changed traditional packaging of toys to new packaging reduction technique that brought 15% reduction. In UK, Tesco also has commitments with WRAP’s Courtauld 2 (Waste and Resource Action Programme) to reduce the packaging waste by 2012. The commitments included the reduction of weight, recycled content of grocery packaging to be increased, rates of recycling to be increased, and carbon impact to be lowered by 10%, reduction of 4% for the UK household food and drink, and reduction of 5% for the products and packaging waste in the supply chains (www. tescoplc. com). Caring for the environment brings value of duty, love, hope, and comfort. Tesco has carried out their duty towards the society by committing on wastage reduction. All the resources taken from the earth and environment were fully utilized and the balances were recycled. This duty is belonging to everyone; therefore Tesco has taken it into priority. Tesco also showed the values of love. In terms of loving the earth, loving the environment, and loving each others in the world by saving the resources such as water. Human being is unable to live without water. Tesco knew the seriousness so they ran several programmes on reducing the usage of water. Tesco is giving Hope to the society as well, saving resources in order to prevent resources shortage, and climate changing. Value of hope is generating with these practices to the people. Living in harmony and secure which may concern for the next generation as well. With the clean environment, the values of comfort arise and the people can feel that they are living in a peaceful world. This is the main objective achieved by Tesco. A comfort lifestyle may bring positive thinking to the people, staying with tolerance and forgiveness. Tesco has significantly practiced ethical theory of right for the programme. According to William Sbaw (2010), a right is an entitlement to act or have other acts in a certain way. Everyone has a right in doing certain action and simultaneously expecting others not to deprive its right. However, others also possess a right to disagree to the action, but they cannot dismiss it. Tesco promoted the protecting environment programme and has prompted to let the communities knew that they had the right to live harmony. Right and Duty are correlated as that our prime duty is to protect the rights of people (Gavai, 2010). Tesco has the duty of giving fairness to the society and the communities have the right to enjoy the fair treatment. 5. Conclusion Business ethics is important for a corporate because it brings significant benefits and advantages. Corporation with good business ethics prompt to have good image and reputation in the market, which assist to create market awareness and promote sales easily. Furthermore, a corporation best practice such as corporate social responsibility is also very crucial which to protect the employees and communities’ welfare, c orporation may enjoy benefits for itself also because a good corporate social responsibility may create loyalty of an employee. A loyal and committted employee will stay with the corporation constantly and increase productivity, which can reduce labour turnover as well. Whereas, Tesco, as one of the biggest retailers in the world, which cover business internationally (refer Appendix II for International business Chart), they realize the importance of these and working hard to practice good ethical behavior, create value for the communities and providing moral decision to settle the ethical dilemma to ensure the stakeholder and communities can enjoy the benefits.